Tibial Torsion
Definition
The twist of the tibia (shin bone) along its longitudinal axis. Measured as the angle between the knee joint axis and the ankle joint axis. Normal external tibial torsion is approximately 15-25 degrees. Internal tibial torsion (in-toeing) or excessive external tibial torsion (out-toeing) are structural variants that affect foot placement and knee mechanics.
Clinical Significance
Tibial torsion determines the orientation of the foot relative to the knee during weight-bearing. Excessive external torsion contributes to out-toeing gait and lateral foot loading. Internal torsion contributes to in-toeing and medial foot loading. Both variants alter patellar tracking and can contribute to anterior knee pain, plantar fasciitis, and Achilles tendon issues.
How AKMI Assesses This
AKMI assesses tibial torsion through foot progression angle measurement during gait, seated tibial torsion assessment comparing the tibial tuberosity to the malleolar axis, and correlation with functional movement patterns.
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